Peter Paul Rubens keeps values measured and balanced, a hallmark of tonal restraint. The dominant temperature is warm, with earth tones and fire-hues setting the emotional key. Chroma is moderate: colours carry enough saturation to be read as colour, but the palette stops well short of garish intensity. The most saturated colour, #E0BE8B, is reserved to 5.4% of the surface, where it acts as a focal punctuation. From deepest dark to palest light, the palette traverses 62 units of the value scale - a span that creates natural depth. In the context of Peter Paul Rubens's full range of palettes, group 21 represents one movement in an ongoing chromatic dialogue.