Kees van Dongen sits in the centre of the value range, lending the palette a sense of even, sustained light. Kees van Dongen tilts toward cool - blues and silver-greys carry the structural weight. Muted throughout, the palette achieves its effects through value and temperature rather than chromatic force. Only 6.8% is devoted to #A54932, yet that small allocation delivers the palette's entire chromatic tension. 59 units of value range underpin the palette's structural clarity: the eye always knows where light falls. High luminosity and cool temperature suggest the plein-air condition: unfiltered daylight and open sky. This is the light Kees van Dongen preferred, made measurable.