vanitas works almost entirely in the lower half of the value scale, privileging depth over brilliance. Warmth dominates - the palette leans heavily on the yellow-orange-red arc of the colour wheel. Every colour is desaturated; the palette proceeds through near-neutrals and gently-coloured greys. A single dominant - #181617 at 32.8% - sets the character of the whole composition. #CBAE88 functions as the palette's exclamation mark: highest chroma, lowest percentage (1.4%). A value spread of 57 units gives the palette both depth and air - shadows are genuinely dark, lights genuinely light. The combination of low values, muted chroma, and compressed range is the signature of the Tonalist mode - painting as atmosphere.