Rufous (#A81C07) and Smoky black (#100C08) appear together across 6 master palettes in our corpus, most prominently in the work of Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Marsden Hartley, and William Dobson and the Mannerism (Late Renaissance) tradition. Painters typically deployed rufous at an average of 31% of the canvas, with smoky black at 10%. Third colors most often completing the combination include Zinnwaldite brown (#2C1608), Seal brown (#59260B), and Café noir (#4B3621).