Flame (#E25822) and Rich black (#010203) appear together across 6 master palettes in our corpus, most prominently in the work of Niko Pirosmani, and Robert Delaunay and the Naïve Art (Primitivism) tradition. Painters typically deployed flame at an average of 4% of the canvas, with rich black at 7%. Third colors most often completing the combination include Raisin black (#242124), Linen (#FAF0E6), and Dark sienna (#3C1414).