Orange-yellow (#F5BD1F) and Smoky black (#100C08) appear together across 6 master palettes in our corpus, most prominently in the work of Marc Chagall, Ludwig Deutsch, and Aubrey Beardsley and the Naïve Art (Primitivism) tradition. Painters typically deployed orange-yellow at an average of 8% of the canvas, with smoky black at 8%. Third colors most often completing the combination include Canary (#FFFF99), Dark sienna (#3C1414), and Liberty (#545AA7).