Gamboge (#E49B0F) and Smoky black (#100C08) appear together across 6 master palettes in our corpus, most prominently in the work of Marc Chagall, Domenico Fiasella, and Marsden Hartley and the Naïve Art (Primitivism) tradition. Painters typically deployed gamboge at an average of 4% of the canvas, with smoky black at 13%. Third colors most often completing the combination include Seal brown (#59260B), Rosso corsa (#D40000), and Jonquil (#F4CA16).